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Anexo
5: Comentarios públicos
Canadá
ORGANIZACIONES
Canadian
Association of Labour Lawyers
Sheila Greckol, Jeffrey Sack, Claude
Melançon
To sum up: As matters now stand, workers and unions that are the victims of governmental failure
to enact and enforce labour laws protecting freedom of association, in the face of free trade
and economic integration, have virtually no recourse under the NAALC other than to make
submissions to the NAO than to make submissions to the NAO of a signatory government which can
only recommend ministerial consultations with the offending signatory government. Petitioners
have no right under the NAALC to pursue their complaints concerning denial of freedom of
association before an independent body such as the ECE or an Arbitral Panel. Granted,
submissions to an NAO under the NAALC, and presentations at subsequently convened inquiries,
have had a positive effect, by informing the public and publicizing NAALC violations. However,
the fact is that, although the series of cases which have arisen during the past four years
under the NAALC have demonstrated a persistent pattern of violation of freedom of association,
no effective remedy is yet available to protect this basic right which is essential to the
protection of the workers' dignity and the enhancement of their living standards. It is clear
that, in light of the initial four years of experience, the NAALC must be substantially
strengthened, so as to achieve its original promise and purpose. Details follow, apart from
submissions respecting cooperative programs under the NAALC, which will be forwarded within a
week.
Canadian Association of Labour Lawyers (CALL)
1. The Canadian Association of Labour Lawyers is a national organization of 250 lawyers
representing workers and trade unions across Canada. CALL has members and elected
representatives from every region of the country and is active in education, legislative and
administrative advocacy, and numerous other activities aimed at protecting and advancing the
rights of workers and basic trade union freedoms. CALL was co-sponsor and co-chair of a
Canada-Mexico Conference on the NAALC, held in Mexico in January 1996, and has co-sponsored and
co-chaired a Canada-Chile Conference, held in Chile in April 1998, on the protection of workers'
rights and co-operation under hemispheric trade treaties, with particular reference to promoting
compliance and co-operative activities under the NAALC. Both of these conferences have involved
support and participation from government, labour and business, as well from lawyers
representing unions and employers.
The Promise of the NAALC
2. The promise of the NAALC is substantial. Its preamble calls, among other things, for
protecting, enhancing and enforcing basic workers' rights; strengthening labour-management
co-operation; promoting higher living standards; and encouraging compliance with labour laws and
co-operation in maintaining a progressive, fair, safe and healthy working environment. The
objectives of the NAALC include the improvement of working conditions and living standards; the
promotion of basic labour principles (the first of eleven being freedom of association and the
right to organize); and the promotion of compliance with, and effective enforcement of, labour
laws. The obligations under the NAALC require that each government ensure that its labour laws
provide for high labour standards (Article 2), promote compliance with and effectively enforce
its labour laws (Article 3), and ensure access to tribunals through proceedings that are fair,
equitable and transparent (Articles 4 and 5).
3. The essence of a trade agreement is to make it easier for companies to do business free of
the constraints of national regulation. In order to ensure that this is not achieved at the
expense of labour standards - through "social dumping", "downward harmonization of labour laws",
and a "race to the bottom" - the goal must be "fair trade" - trade that is accompanied by high
labour standards, enforcement of basic labour rights, and compliance with the rule of law. This
is the promise of the NAALC, and the expectation of workers in the countries whose governments
are parties to it. At the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Secretaries of Labour of the United
States and Mexico and Canada's Labour Minister on September 18, 1997, U.S. Secretary of Labour,
Alexis M. Herman, confirmed this intention. "President Clinton and I are committed to
protecting worker rights in North America," Secretary Herman said.
The Experience under the NAALC
4. Regrettably, the promise of the NAALC has been belied by the experience under it. The
events of the past four years demonstrate that the NAALC is seriously flawed, and has achieved
little of its original promise.
5. What is the experience of the past four years? Again and again, in cases involving different
companies - General Electric, Honeywell, Sony, Spring, Han, and Echlin - the basic rights of
workers to organize unions of their choice have been frustrated by unfair labour practices on
the part of trans-national corporations - such as plant closure, mass firings, rigged elections,
violence and intimidation - and by the failure of some governments and governmental agencies to
deal impartially and effectively with flagrant anti-union conduct.
6. Practices which stand out as particularly offensive are:
- the absence of secret ballots in union representation votes.
- the operation of "exclusion clauses" that allow workers to be fired, following
expulsion from membership in incumbent unions, simply for exercising the right to
organize an independent union.
- the presence on supposedly impartial labour tribunals in Mexico (conciliation and
arbitration boards) of a representative from a central labour body, the CTM, which is
closely linked with the government, whose interest is clearly to deny registration and
recognition to independent unions.
- failure to ensure reinstatement of employees fired for union activity, in part
through lengthy delays that force employees to accept severance pay.
- failure by labour tribunals to:
- register and recognize independent unions, on spurious grounds;
- arrange fair elections;
- protect against violence and intimidation during union organization
campaigns;
- conduct secret ballot votes;
- convene public hearings with due notice and expedition;
- ensure an opportunity for victimized workers and unions to present evidence
and make submissions;
- issue impartial decisions;
- correct the biased composition of tribunal panels.
7. Although most of the cases under the NAALC have originated in Mexico, this is not to say
that the record of Canada or the United States is without blemish. While the Sprint case has
faltered in U.S. courts, the fact remains that, as the Mexican NAO found, the enforcement of
U.S. law protecting the right to organize and prohibiting plant closings for anti-union reasons
is ineffective. Lengthy delays and cumbersome administrative and judicial procedures, that
frequently require years to complete, result in a chilling effect on the exercise by U.S.
workers of their right to freedom of association. The hiring of permanent strike replacements
and the proliferation of "right to work" legislation are also serious concerns for labour
organizations in the United States.
8. In Canada, the exclusion of agricultural workers, domestic workers and many professional
employees from the right to organize in some provinces has recently been roundly condemned by
the ILO. In some jurisdictions inadequate protection exists to prevent plant closures for
anti-union reasons. In other provinces, undue limitations have been imposed on the right to
strike and on independent arbitration, and state intervention to end perfectly legal strikes
has continued to occur on an ad hoc basis. The federal Royal Canadian Mounted Police force
has been denied the same right to organize that is enjoyed by all other Canadian police forces.
Across the country, previously high labour standards, in the areas of unemployment insurance,
employment equity programs and workers' compensation benefits, have been weakened. In most
provinces, migrant workers have little or no protection under labour legislation.
9. Overall, what has been demonstrated in the series of cases which have arisen under the NAALC
during the past four years is a "persistent pattern of failure" by some governments to
effectively enforce their labour laws as they relate to the cardinal principle of freedom of
association. The importance of this principle cannot be overemphasized because it is a
necessary condition for the realization of virtually all of the other labour principles: the
right to bargain collectively, the right to strike, prohibition of forced labour, labour
protection for children, minimum employment standards, elimination of employment discrimination,
equal pay for women and men, prevention of occupational injuries and illnesses, provision of
workers' compensation, and protection of migrant workers.
10. Not enough has been achieved as a result of proceedings under the NAALC to correct either
specific violations of labour laws or the process of enforcement (or non-enforcement) of labour
laws generally. While in some cases NAO findings have led to ministerial consultations, these
have resulted, for the most part, only in informational seminars on an international plane. The
problem is not that the authorities are not informed of the requirements of their own laws, but
that they have been unable or unwilling to enforce them. Ultimately, it is the workers who
suffer, through sub-standard wages, job insecurity, and unsafe and unhealthy working
conditions. This was not the promise of NAFTA or of the NAALC, and purportedly not the
intention of those who negotiated the NAALC.
Flaws in the NAALC
11. What has gone wrong? The main problem is that, while noble in its aspirations, the NAALC is
flawed in its construction. Listed below are a number of the deficiencies apparent in the
NAALC.
- While a major objective of the NAALC is to promote the Eleven Labour Principles set
out in Annex 1 - the first of which is freedom of association - this objective is not
reflected in an obligation to implement these Principles. Indeed, Annex 1 emphasizes
that the Eleven Principles are guiding only, are subject to each state's domestic law,
and do not establish common standards, but rather broad areas of concern. The central
ILO Conventions pertinent to these Eleven Labour Principles should, at the very least,
be fully implemented.
- Article 2 recognizes the right of each state to establish its own domestic labour
standards, but requires that each government ensure that its labour laws provide for
high labour standards. It could be said that Article 2 establishes a positive
obligation to take the "high road" to economic development, but at this point in time
the language of Article 2 has not been given any real effect.
- Articles 3 to 5 of the NAALC require that each government effectively enforce its
labour laws, provide for access to tribunals and procedures for enforcement, and ensure
through due process and other procedural guarantees that enforcement proceedings are
"fair, equitable and transparent". These Articles do not oblige a government to enact
or even maintain labour laws of a high standard, but require only that a government
enforce the labour laws it does enact.
- Moreover, and most significantly, the response to non-compliance with the NAALC is,
as experience confirms, very weak. Three tiers of scrutiny are established, for no
defensible reason, and the lowest level of scrutiny is reserved for the right of workers
to take collective action - arguably the primary condition for the achievement of all of
the other Labour Principles. Thus, for example, a submission regarding denial of the
right to organize can be processed only so far as ministerial consultations. This
process has proved ineffectual, either in redressing the specific violation complained
of or in achieving enforcement of the law in subsequent cases.
NAALC - THREE TIERS OF ENFORCEMENT
| TIER 1 |
TIER 2 |
TIER 3 |
NAO Ministerial Consultations |
Evaluation Committee of Experts |
Arbitration before Arbitral Panels |
| All eleven Labour Principles including the right to
organize, bargain and strike |
Eight of the eleven Labour Principles, including
prohibitions of forced labour, child labour, and employment discrimination; minimum
labour standards (e.g. minimum wages and overtime); equal pay for men and women;
health and safety; workers' compensation and protection of migrant workers |
Three of the Labour Principles, i.e. health and
safety, child labour and minimum wages |
The NAALC specifically provides that violations of collective rights - the rights to
organize, bargain and strike - cannot be examined by an Evaluation Committee of Experts
(Article 23) or processed to arbitration before an Arbitral Panel (Article 29). Indeed,
only three matters - health and safety, child labour and minimum wages - can be pursued
to the arbitration stage. This is unacceptable since it is only at arbitration that a
binding decision can be made that carries with it an actual sanction or remedy, i.e. an
action plan and a monetary enforcement assessment. Moreover, the entire process - from
submission to arbitration - is so protracted that it would take years to complete.
- A series of further restrictions narrow access to the NAALC. Matters complained of
must be trade-related, and covered by mutually recognized labour laws before they can be
referred to the ECE or an Arbitral Panel (Articles 23, 29). Only persistent patterns of
failure to enforce labour laws can be pursued to these levels, so that single instances
of violation, no matter how egregious, cannot be corrected (Articles 27, 29 and 49). A
government is permitted to raise as a defense that it has decided to allocate its
resources to the enforcement of other labour matters (Article 49); this is simply
unacceptable. There is also no sanction available directly against trans-national
corporations that are recidivist offenders.
- Proceedings before the ECE or an Arbitral Panel cannot be initiated by workers or
trade unions whose rights are violated. Only a signatory government can request the
establishment of an ECE (Article 23). Referral to arbitration requires approval of
two-thirds of the signatory governments (Article 29). In short, the process is
essentially political.
- There is no provision for a remedy that would require the government violating the
NAALC to redress the violation giving rise to the complaint. Indeed, the NAALC
specifies that proceedings and decisions of a state's tribunals are not subject to
revision or reopening (Article 5, 8). If a matter proceeds to the ECE or to an Arbitral
Panel, as indicated above, only persistent patterns of practice will be examined, and
not single cases, no matter how flagrant they may be (Article 49). Surely, effective
recourse should be available when governments and governmental bodies fail to comply
with the basic Principles set out in the NAALC.
12. Given the foregoing, it is not surprising that the procedures under the NAALC which are
independent of domestic enforcement agencies - namely, the Evaluation Committee of Experts and
Arbitral Panels - have yet to be invoked. This is so, even though the past four years have
witnessed a persistent pattern of violations of freedom of association that are trade-related,
and are covered by mutually recognized labour laws. It is indefensible that violations of
freedom of association cannot proceed to an ECE or an Arbitral Panel, and that they can
therefore be stopped in their tracks at the level of ministerial consultations, by the very
government that would violate the NAALC.
Recommendations
13. In light of the experience under the NAALC, CALL makes the following recommendations:
- The eleven Labour Principles set out in Annex 1 of the NAALC should become minimum
obligations rather than merely unenforceable objectives, and should be part of the NAFTA
itself.
- The division of the Labour Principles into three tiers, with the lowest and least
effective sanction reserved for freedom of association, should be abandoned. Access to
the ECE should be extended to the rights to organize, bargain and strike and access to
arbitration should no longer be limited to matters involving health and safety, child
labour and minimum wages; arbitration should be available to resolve matters involving
all eleven Labour Principles. The entire process - from submission to arbitration -
should be shortened and simplified.
- Article 2 should be given effect so as to require signatory governments to ensure
that their labour laws do in fact provide for high labour standards, e.g. secret ballot
votes, fair elections, protection against discharge for organizing trade unions,
unbiased and expeditious hearings before independent labour tribunals, etc.
- Restrictions limiting access to NAALC procedures should be removed, and
inappropriate defenses repealed. Specific reference is made to the exclusion of single
cases from resolution by the ECE or an Arbitral Panel, even though such cases may
involve flagrant breaches of the NAALC by the government involved.
- If domestic procedures prove to be non-existent or ineffectual, provision should be
made for proceedings to be initiated before the ECE and Arbitral Panels by workers and
trade unions who suffer violations of the NAALC. Access to an effective remedy should
not be capable of being barred by the very government or by the trans-national
corporation which offends the NAALC.
- The NAALC should be amended to require appropriate action in cases giving rise to
complaints, as well as corrective action to prevent future violations.
- The thresholds for initiation of procedures by Canada under Annex 46 (Article 4(c))
should be repealed.
- Funding for the work of NAALC agencies - and in particular the Canadian NAO - should
be increased. In this regard, it should be noted that, in CALL's view, the Canadian NAO
has been well served by capable administrators, including notably its Secretary, Ms. May
Morpaw.
- Funding should be provided for workers and independent unions to initiate and
participate in proceedings and to engage in co-operative activities under the NAALC.
Adequate funding in these areas is essential to an effective co-operative program.
- Remedies for non-compliance with the NAALC should be expanded, and sanctions should
attach both to offending governments and to those corporate entities who have benefited
from their failure to enforce domestic labour legislation in violation of NAALC
commitments. Remedies/sanctions should be applied without penalizing the workers who
are victims of NAALC violations.
- In order to further genuine co-operative activities under the NAALC, efforts should
be made to enhance the participation of workers and independent trade unions, and steps
should be taken, including funding, to ensure the participation of independent workers'
organizations, in seminars, sessions and other co-operative initiatives, such as the
development of corporate codes of conduct and fair trade labelling of products, should
be explored and developed. The amelioration of the plight of migrant workers should be
a priority.
- A fund should be established in every jurisdiction covered by the NAALC to
compensate workers disadvantaged by NAFTA, and a regional development fund should be
established to facilitate achievement of high labour standards in those jurisdictions
where resources are needed.
It should be recalled that the establishment of the NAALC and its environmental counterpart -
the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation - was critical to the ratification of
the NAFTA. It is no understatement to say that NAFTA owes its existence to the NAALC. The
NAALC represented the three governments' efforts to counter balance the foreseeable harmful
effects to their trade on the basis rights and employment conditions of working people. Thus,
a weak and ineffectual NAALC not only makes a mockery of the governments' commitment to the
NAALC's objectives and purposes, and of the NAALC itself, but it also undermines the legitimacy
of the NAFTA.
Canadian Labour Congress
Robert White, President
As you may remember, the Canadian Labour Congress did considerable work and analysis of the
economic model of integration exemplified in the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (CUSFTA) and the
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and we have made these views known to the Canadian
government through a number of briefs, submissions to parliamentary committees and published
studies and reports. I don't intend to repeat all of the arguments presented in these fora, but
I do think it is important to review some of what we call NAFTA's "unfulfilled promises" in the
context of the NAALC review.
The Canadian Labour Congress opposed the FTA with the US and the NAFTA because, in our view,
these so-called "free trade" agreements in effect "constitutionalize" a radical "free market"
economic agenda by very closely limiting and confining the role of democratic government vis à
vis the market economy. At the same time corporations are free to shift production, investment,
profits and jobs largely as they see fit, subject only to the logic of business profitability.
This increases the business sector's bargaining power over both labour and governments.
Although it is not the only factor, such mobility enhances the power of corporations to
"harmonize" wages, working conditions, taxes and regulations across jurisdictions. In the
context of the US labour movement's weaker collective bargaining coverage, this was of major
concern for Canadian workers. In the 1980s, US real wages had tended to fall and collective
bargaining coverage declined even as productivity rose, while real wages and benefits in Canada
had remained more or less constant, in part because of the greater leverage of unions. In the
context of NAFTA, Mexico, as a low wage developing country, magnified the issues of potential
job loss and "downward harmonization" particularly for US workers.
It should also be mentioned that the feared "downward harmonization" pressures of international
competition has, as predicted, undermined Canada's stronger set of social programs, particularly
Unemployment Insurance and Medicare.
There were a whole range of problems with regards to Mexico that should have been foreseen, such
as its hidden unemployment, its huge foreign debt requiring continual refinancing and an
overvalued currency. Perhaps most important from the CLC's point of view, was the reality of
Mexico's corporatist system of control over the labour movement which has played a major role
in holding back wages to achieve economic goals set by the government rather than acting as an
independent voice for workers. As I am sure you are aware, political changes in the Mexican
Congress and the very recent formation of a new labour federation may have an important impact
on the ability of Mexican workers to respond to the challenges of economic integration in
NAFTA.
The CLC and other progressive critics of NAFTA predicted that "free-trade" would exacerbate the
significant shift of manufacturing production and jobs to Mexico in response to low wages and
low labour, social and environmental standards depressing employment, wages, living standards
and worker bargaining power in the US and Canada. A key concern in the NAFTA debate was weak
(to say the least) respect for democratic, human and labour rights in Mexico, and low levels of
labour standards and environmental regulation. Critics drew attention to the fact that NAFTA
lacked a "social dimension" and created significant new rights for capital without putting in
place any corresponding set of minimum obligations to respect basic labour rights and standards,
or minimum environmental and health and safety regulations. In this respect, NAFTA differed
greatly from the European Community process of economic integration, which has seen some
explicit attempts to establish minimum standards, as in the area of health and safety, the
creation of Euro-Works councils, as well as a regional parliament and a redistributive fund to
reduce the economic disparities between richer and poorer countries.
It was in response to such criticisms that NAFTA was implemented along with labour and
environment "side deals" which established what purports to be a minimum - or minimal - social
framework. The labour side deal or NAALC, as you know, requires each country only to respect
and enforce its own labour laws, and does not require a country to respect a common set of basic
labour rights as defined in conventions of the International Labour Organization. It thus falls
far short of the idea of "binding social clauses" inserting recognized core labour rights and
enforceable standards in trade agreements as called for by the international labour movement.
While the labour side-deal did establish procedures for governments to examine complaints on
labour rights and standards and thus to publicize abuses, it falls far short of the mechanisms
necessary to truly remedy market failures and halt the downward pressures on wages and
standards. In our view, the NAALC has had little relevance for Canadian workers. This view is
based on conclusions from a recently-completed study for the ILO, "Impacts of the CUSFTA and the
NAFTA on Canadian Labour Markets and Labour and Social Standards". I am attaching a copy of
this study in the event that you or your staff may wish to pursue the details of our
research.
As you also know, the CLC and affiliates have participated in a number of events which are part
of the Cooperative Workplan co-managed by the three labour ministries. The Workplan consists of
tri-national conferences, workshops and seminars on such topics as industrial relations,
occupational health, women, etc. We note the great care taken by the three National
Administrative Offices (NAOs) to select a wide variety of participants, drawn from lists of
government officials, academics, lawyers, business representatives and unions and, that the
major goal of these events is to share information on the laws, regulations and practice
concerning specific issues in the three countries. Given the current changes in the Mexican
labour movement as described above, the NAALC Cooperative Workplan could contribute to the
raising of labour standards in Mexico (as per the obligations of the NAALC) if efforts could be
made to ensure that all sectors of the Mexican labour movement could participate in the
cooperative agenda. As currently implemented, I thing there is a de facto exclusion of any
labour representation that is not part of the corporatist mechanism.
With regard to the complaint process, as you know, seven of the eight cases pertain to the
violation of the right to freedom of association, the most fundamental workers' right recognized
by the international community and advocated by the International Labour Organization. Six of
these violations were documented in Mexico, one in the United States. All of the Mexican
violations vividly illustrate the inability of the independent union movement in Mexico to break
through the party/slate/CTM corporatist alliance in order to allow Mexican workers to actually
enjoy their right to freedom of association. After four years of NAALC implementation, there is
still not one independent union in the entire maquiladora region. The case of the workers of a
Sony subsidiary, Magnéticos de Mexico, who were violently beaten, denied their union, and
ultimately their jobs, raises serious doubts about the potential value and positive outcomes of
the NAALC. For these Mexican workers, the NAALC has been at best negligent, at worst a fraud,
for it led them to believe that the side-deal would offer them some protection of their
rights.
Notwithstanding the NAALC Cooperative Workplan and complaints process, the evidence remains that
Mexican workers do not enjoy their rights and the Mexican state does not have the capacity nor
the will to remedy this situation. According to a recent publication by the International
Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), Internationally-Recognized Core Labour Standards in
Mexico, Report for the WTO General Council Review of The Trade Policies of Mexico (Oct. 7,
1997), the fact that the right to organize and the right to strike are not always respected in
Mexico are serious limitations which "weaken trade union bargaining potential and, particularly
in the maquiladora sector, deprive many workers of the benefits of union membership".
These conclusions would suggest that the NAALC could be improved if it were to develop and
effective mechanism to help groups of workers achieve their rights. One idea might be the
creation of a special fund to help with legal costs or to provide financial remedies for workers
and unions with no resources who are confronting the inadequacy of labour law enforcement and
disregard for the labour principles of the NAALC.
The experience and results of the so-called "Sprint case" also point to the inadequate nature of
the existing dispute resolution and individual remedies provided by the NAALC. The particular
case of the Spring workers is still before the courts in the US, however, a related study done
by the Labour Secretariat documents the anti-union culture of many corporations who use plant
closures and threats of plants closing to avoid union drives in North America thereby violating
the right to freedom of association. The NAALC as currently constructed has not and cannot
remedy this problem. This points, again, to the need for strengthening or adding such measures
as minimum enforceable standards that can be monitored, assessed and remedied more
effectively.
Almost all of the complaints taken to the NAALC to date relate to the NAALC's first labour
principle, the right to freedom of association. This points to one of the many procedural flaws
in the agreement. The separation of workers' rights and technical labour standards is an
artificial one and should be eliminated. There is no justification in my mind as to why the
violation of fundamental workers' rights, grouped as "industrial relations standards" should
have the lowest treatment in a list of "eleven labour principles".
In addition, the process for a NAALC labour dispute to eventually get to the final steps of
monetary assessment could take as many as 1,320 days-nearly four years. This is in sharp
contrast to mechanisms of the NAFTA itself in which investors and defenders of intellectual
property rights are granted access, both civil and criminal, to a process to defend their
rights. Surely, labour negotiators could find a mechanism to streamline the unreasonably
arduous NAALC process.
We would like to encourage the continuation and broadening of the independent reviews and
studies carried out by the Labour Secretariat. Future themes to be undertaken might include
investment flows in North America and the relationship between labour standards and foreign
investment. The Secretariat might also review efforts to extend the obligations for labour
rights enforcement to employers through such mechanisms as codes of conduct including compliance
and independent monitoring.
The final issue I would like to bring to your attention in the context of the NAALC review is
the role played by U.S. labour and environmental side agreements have proven ineffective. Under
the terms of the labor side agreement, even when the workers have proven their case
satisfactorily, the remedies have been inconsequential and the abuses have continued....thus, a
minimum condition for any expansion of NAFTA must be that it include enforceable labor and
environmental standards in the agreement itself. The side-agreement approach has not
worked."
We reiterate that the Canadian Labour Congress shares the views of the international labour and
human rights movements regarding the inextricable linkage between social issues and trade in all
contexts including NAFTA. We must find the appropriate mechanism to ensure that the integration
of our countries' economies and markets takes place through a "high road" of development which
raises standards in all jurisdictions rather than "a race to the bottom" as workers compete for
investment through lower wages, standards and social programs.
To apply the "social clause" proposal of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
(ICFTU); NAFTA should incorporate the eleven labour principles currently contained in the NAALC
into the core text of the trade agreement itself and, the contracting parties should agree to
take steps to ensure the observance of these labour standards. NAFTA should establish and
advisory committee to work with the ILO to provide remedies for workers whose rights are
repeatedly violated.
Children's Rights Center
Katherine Covell
My experience with the office of the NAALC has been restricted to participation in the two
meetings to discuss the issue of child labor. From my perspective, these meetings have been
very worthwhile, and their continuation is necessary. The increase in dialogue and
psychological comfort level from the first in San Diego to the second in Ottawa was quite
remarkable, and attests to both the level of organization and the degree of commitment of those
involved.
The issue of child labor is of extreme importance, and not separate from related issues of labor
and labor unions. Continued joint efforts to resolve the problems of child labor among the
three countries should have as a by-product an orientation to harmonizing, within reason,
related labor issues.
The discussions on child labour have been very useful also in highlighting the nature of the
problems in each of the various countries. Identification of problem issues is, of course, the
preliminary step to effective interventions. The improving of children's lives through
continued discussion and consequent implementation of suggestions further can serve as a model
to the rest of the world.
Confédération des syndicats
nationaux
Pierre Paquette, Secrétaire général
1. Approche de la CSN sur l'ANACT
La Confédération des syndicats nationaux (CSN) a suivi avec beaucoup d'intérêt la mise en la
mise en place et l'application de l'Accord nord-américain de coopération dans le domaine du
travail (ANACT) dés la période de gestation de l'Accord. En 1993, la CSN a accepté l'invitation
que lui a faite le gouvernement canadien à participer à un comité ad hoc créé pour informer et
consulter les organisations patronales et syndicales du Canada sur le déroulement des
négociations de ce qui est devenu l'ANACT. Le représentant de la CSN à ce comité a exprimé les
recommandations de notre organisation à l'effet de négocier un accord qui s'appuierait sur des
conventions internationales en matière du travail et qui contiendrait des dispositions
contraignantes pour assurer la mise en application de l'accord.
L'accord qui est issu des négociations trinationales en 1993, l'ANACT, n'allait pas permettre,
à notre avis, de corriger les impacts négatifs sur les conditions de travail qui découleraient
inévitablement de l'ALÉNA, dont la conclusion était arrivée en 1992. C'est ainsi que la CSN
recommandait au Gouvernement du Canada de ne pas ratifier l'ALÉNA et les deux accords
parallèles, sur le travail et sur l'environnement, qui l'accompagnaient.
La CSN considérait, cependant, que l'ANACT, tout en n'étant pas suffisant, pouvait fournir des
instruments permettant de constater et de faire connaître des lacunes dans l'application des
lois du travail des trois pays, ce qui pourrait éventuellement contribuer à corriger certaines
de ces lacunes. Après l'entrée en vigueur de l'ALÉNA en janvier 1994, la CSN s'est donc
impliquée pour participer à bon nombre d'activités organisées dans le cadre de l'application de
l'ANACT. Étant donné que l'Accord prévoit la ratification par les provinces canadiennes, la CSN
a également réalisé des représentations auprès du Gouvernement du Québec (la grande majorité des
membres de la CSN sont résidants de cette province) pour que celui-ci ratifie l'ANACT à son
tour.
2. Activités de dialogue et de coopération
Le fait que sept provinces canadiennes n'aient toujours pas ratifié l'ANACT et que certaines
ne l'ont ratifié que tardivement, (le Québec ne l'a fait qu'en avril 1997), signifie que
l'expérience canadienne en matière de l'application de l'Accord demuere limitée. En effet,
l'ANACT prévoit que toutes les dispositions de l'Accord ne s'appliqueront au Canada avant que
certains seuils ne soient atteints quant à la proportion de travailleurs canadiens représentée
par des juridictions ayant ratifié l'accord. Cependant, le Canada a été un participant à part
entière au volet dialogue et coopération entre les trois pays en matière des lois du travail.
Nous émettrons donc quelques opinions sur le fonctionnement de l'ANACT pour ce qui est de ce
volet. De plus, nous avons observé le fonctionnement de l'ANACT pour ce qui est du volet
plaintes et enquêtes et proposons d'émettre quelques opinions sur ce sujet également.
Depuis la ratification de l'ANACT et la mise en place des différentes structures de coopération
internationale, le Secrétariat de l'ANACT à Dallas a organisé plusieurs activités trinationales
d'information, d'analyse et d'échange sur la législation du travail dans le trois pays et sur
les problèmes qui surviennent dans le respect des onze principes fondamentaux auxquels les trois
pays ont souscrit dans l'Accord.
La CSN désire exprimer sa satisfaction quant à la grande variété de sujets abordés lors de ces
activités et sur la manière dont elles ont été organisées. Le Secrétariat a bien su identifier
plusieurs sujets de préoccupation majeure concernant le respect des normes minimales du travail
et sur les conséquences, au niveau des conditions de travail, de l'intégration économique en
Amérique du Nord. Des sujets comme le lien entre la productivité et la rémunération, le
travail des enfants, les problèmes spécifiques rencontrés par les femmes travailleuses, les
probèmes quant au respect du droit d'association, sont tous de sujets de première importance
méritant d'être examinés dans le cadre de l'application de l'ANACT. Nous avons également
apprécié l'approche du Secrétariat à l'effet d'organiser des colloques thématiques en fonction
de certains problèmes particulièrement criants qui se sont manifestés lors du dépôt de plaintes
en vertu de l'ANACT, notamment sur des problèmes de reconnaissance syndicale qui ont été
signalés au Mexique et aux États-Unis.
En assurant une présence tripartite (gouvernementale-patronale-syndicale) ainsi que d'experts
exprimant des points de vue différents sur les sujets discutés en colloques, le Secrétariat a
réussi à faire en sorte que les discussions sur les sujets choisis soient à la fois riches et
variées. Nous devons, cependant, déplorer certaines absences lors de ces consultations. En
particulier, nous ne pouvons qu'exprimer notre déception que les syndicats non officiels du
Mexique, pourtant ceux qui rencontrent de fréquents problèms de reconnaissance syndicale,
n'ont généralment pas été invités aux activités organisées par le Secrétariat.
La CSN a déjà eu l'occasion de communiquer au ministre du Travail du Canada sa grande
satisfaction quant à la transparence, l'ouverture et la volonté de collaboration manifestées
tant par le personnel du Secrétariat trinational de l'ANACT dirigé par M. John McKennirey, que
par celui du Bureau administratif canadien dirigé par Mme May Morpaw. Les critiques que nous
exprimons plus loin quant à l'efficacité de l'ANACT ne portent aucunement sur le personnel
responsable de son application avec qui nous avons eu le plaisir de travailler. Ces personnes
réalisent un travail formidable en dépit des limitations de l'Accord, du peu de ressources qui
est accordé au Secrétariat et aux Bureaux administratifs nationaux (BAN) et de l'importance des
défis auxquels elles doivent faire face.
3. Mécanisme de plaintes
Lors de son analyse de l'ANACT réalisée après la publication de celui-ci en 1993, la CSN a
critiqué plusieurs aspects du mécanisme de plaintes prévu par l'Accord. Les critiques les plus
fortes concernaient trois aspects: les très long délais prévus par l'Accord pour ce qui est du
traitement des plaintes; la portée très limitée des mesures contraignantes prévues par l'Accord;
le fait que l'Accord n'exige que le respect des lois nationales plutôt que de s'appuyer sur des
normes convenues au niveau international.
Jusqu'en novembre 1997 moins de dix plaintes ont été déposées à des BAN en vertu de l'ANACT, ce
que d'aucuns pourraient être tentés d'interpréter comme une démonstration que le respect des
droits et normes du travail dans les trois pays ne soulève que peu de problèmes. Nous croyons
que le nombre très faible de plaintes s'explique plutôt par les problèmes que nous avons
signalés au moment de la conclusion de l'Accord:
- Les délais - L'Accord prévoit plusieurs étapes pour traiter les plaintes avant que
celles-ci n'arrivent aux étapes ultimes. Les délais prévus pour chaque étape peuvent
représenter plusieurs mois, voire des années. Devant la perspective de rencontrer des très
longs délais, il est évident que des groupes de travailleurs faisant face à des problèmes
néssitant des solutions rapides ne verront pas l'intérêt de recourir à l'ANACT, d'autant
plus que l'Accord ne prévoit aucun soutien financier pour préparer et mener à bien des
plaintes.
- Absence de mesures contraignantes - Malgré que les trois pays signataires s'engagent à
respecter onze principes de base en matire des droits et normes du travail, ils ont jugé bon
de ne soumettre que trois de ces principes à la pleine application de l'ensemble des
dispositions de l'ANACT. Ainsi, le recours aux sanctions ne peut s'appliquer que dans des
cas touchant la non application des lois en matière du salaire minimum, du travail des
enfants et de la santé et la sécurité au travail. Faut-il donc se surprendre qu'il n'y
ait pas eu plus de plaintes dans un domaine comme la discrimination contre les femmes
travailleuses, lorsqu'on sait que le meilleur résultat du recours sera une recommandation
au gouvernement fautif pour qu'il applique ses lois?
- Absence de normes internationales - Les trois pays signataires se sont engagés à
appliquer des lois nationales dans les domaines touchés par les onze principes de base.
Rien ne les oblige á souscrire à des normes défines en commun. Or, le problème qui se pose
dans certains des domaines indiqués, ce n'est pas la non-application des normes nationales
mais bien la faiblesse de ces normes. C'est le cas, par exemple, au chapitre de la loi du
salaire minimum au Mexique. En novembre 1997, le salaire minimum qui s'appliquait dans ce
pays variait, selon la région géographique, de 22,50 à 26,50 pesos, l'équivalent de 2,73 à
3,21 $US, par journée de huit heures. De plus, la valeur en termes de pouvoir d'achat du
salaire minimum a même diminué de quelque 30% depuis l'entrée en vigueur de l'Accord.
Même si le nombre total de plaintes déposé en vertu de l'ANACT est faible, il est significatif
que la grande majorité de celles-ci aient porté sur des problèmes de liberté d'association au
Mexique. Cela ne signifie pas cependant pas que des problèmes touchant le droit d'association
soient absents dans les deux autres pays. Dans le cas du Canada, l'absence de plaintes
s'explique sans doute par la non-adhésion ou l'adhesion tardive des provinces. Dans le cas des
États-Unis, qui ont quant même fait l'objet d'une plainte portant sur un cas très sérieux, on
peut penser que l'absence de soutien financier soit un facteur qui ait empêché des groupes
intéressés au Mexique de déposer des plaintes concernant les États-Unis.
Peu importe les facteurs qui expliquent que les deux autres pays n'aient pas été davantage
touchés par des plaintes, les différentes plaintes, et les enquêtes et colloques qui les ont
suivis, ont identifié des lacunes majeures dans l'application des lois mexicaines en matière de
liberté d'organisation. On aurait pu espérer que les différentes démarches enterprises par le
Secrétariat et le Counseil ministériel aient amené les autorités mexicaines à apporter des
corrections. Force nous est de constater que les abus en matière de liberté d'association son
encore monnaie courante au Mexique.
Cela a été démontré dans un cas très récent survenu à Tijuana (Baja California), lorsqu'un
syndicat des travailleurs de la métallurgie affilié à une centrale non-officielle, le Frente
Auténtico del Trabajo (FAT), a gagné un vote pour une accréditation syndicale contre une
organisation rivale dans l'entreprise de propriété sud-coréene, Han Young. Le fait qu'un
syndicat non-officiel ait pu gagné le vote dans la zone de la maquiladora, malgré les obstacles
qui existent, dont notamment l'absence d'un vote secret (le vote, à voix haute, a lieu devant
des représentants de l'enterprise et de l'employeur), etait reconnu comme une percée important
pour la démocratie syndicale au Mexique. Mais l'acte d'accréditaiton du syndicat du FAT, qui
devait n'être qu'une simple formalité, n'a pas eu lieu. Le président du conseil du travail
gouvernemental à Tijuana qui a permis que le vote ait lieu a été congédié, et son successeur a
statué le 11 novembre 1997 que l'accréditation serait accordée au syndicat affilié à une
organisation officielle qui avait perdu le vote.
Conclusion et recommandations.
Comme nous l'avons mentionné, en dépit de ses critiques quant aux faiblesses de l'ANACT, la CSN
s'est investie pour participer aux différents forums créés en fonction de l'Accord et pour
convaincre le gouvernement québécois de le ratifier. Tout en soulignant l'excellent travail
réalisé par le Secrétariat de l'ANACT et par le BAN canadien, nous devons malheureusement
constater que l'approche de l'ANACT voulant favoriser une amélioration des conditions de travail
et des droits des travailleurs, essentiellement par le dialogue et la coopération, a été un
échec. Comme on vient de le faire remarquer, la liberté d'association n'existe pas encore au
Mexique, presque quatre après l'entrée en vigueur de l'ANACT. Et malgré le fait que, comme
l'a souligné le plus récent rapport annuel de la Commission de coopération, le premier objectif
de l'ANACT soit celui? [d']améloirer las conditions de travail et le niveau de vie sur
territoire de chacune des Parties?, on observe que les salaire moyen réel au Mexique, toute
comme le salaire minimum réel, a connu une réduction de quelque 30% entre 1994 et 1997.
Nous avons formulé certaines critiques quant au fonctionnement de l'ANACT dans les pages qui
précèdent, dont les plus fondamentales portent sur l'absence de normes internationales et la
portée limitée des mesures contraignantes. Nous croyons que si des corrections étaient
apportées, l'efficacité de l'Accord serait de beaucoup améliorée. De plus, nous croyons que le
respect des lois du travail dans les trois pays serait favorisé si l'ANACT contenait des
obligations plus concrètes quant à la consultation de la societé civile, et notamment les
organisations syndicales, dans chaque pays. À ce titre, nous avons appris que les organisations
syndicales non-officielles du Mexique n'ont pas été consultées par le BAN mexicain dans le cadre
du processus d'évaluation de l'Accord qui est en cours. De plus, nous croyons que l'efficacité
de l'Acccord serait améliorée si les instances administratives de l'ANACT étaient élargies pour
y inclure des représentants des organisations syndicales et patronales, s'inspirant ainsi des
mécanismes adminstratifs de l'accord nord-américain de coopération sur l'environnement.
Nous vous soumettons les cinq propositions qui suivent quant à l'ANACT et son fonctionnement:
- Inclure dans les normes et droits du travail que les trois pays s'engagent à
respecter l'obligation d'appliquer sept conventions fondamentales de l'OIT touchant les
sujets suivants:
- liberté d'association et droit à la négociation collective (conventions
87 et 98);
- interdiction du travail forcé (conventions 29 et 105);
- interdiction du travail des enfants (convention 138);
- interdiction de la discrimination sur le marché du travail (conventions 100
et 111).
- Amorcer des discussions au sein de la Commission de coopération en vue d'intégrer
d'autres conventions de l'OIT dans les engagements nationaux pour l'ANACT. Une première
discussion pourrait avoir lieu sur les conventions touchant l'établissement du salaire
minimum.
- Rendre l'ensemble des étapes, incluant l'application de sanctions, disponible pour
tout type de plaintes déposés en cas de violation des principes de l'Accord, dont
l'ultime étape prévoyant l'application de sanctions en case de non respect.
- Prévoir des soutiens financiers pour aider des groupes en ayant besoin à préparer la
déposition de plaintes devant les BAN.
- Introduire dans l'ANACT des dispositions plus concrètes quant à l'obligation de
consulter les organisations syndicales, patronales et non-gouvernementales dans chaque
pays et inclure une représentation syndicale et patronale dans les instances
administratives de l'ANACT.
Fédération des travailleurs
et travailleuses du Québec
Henri Massé, Secrétaire général
INTRODUCTION
Depuis les négociations du premier accord de libre-échange entre le Canada et les États-Unis, la
Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses du Québec (FTQ) a toujours été préoccupée par les
retombées de ces ententes. La centrale estimait - et estime toujours d'ailleurs - que les
accords de libéralisation des échanges ont une portée qui dépasse nettement les seules
considérations commerciales. En fait, ils transforment profondément les milieux de travail de
même que la vie sociale et culturelle des pays concernés.
C'est pourquoi la FTQ s'est résolument engagée dans ce dosssier. Nous avons participé
activement aux travaux de différentes coalitions québécoises dont les principales activités
visaient à analyser les effets de l'intégration économique continentale et à mettre sur la place
publique les enjeux relatifs au libre-échange afin de susciter un large débat démocratique sur
cette question. Dans nos mémoires, nous avons critiqué l'approche strictement commerciale des
négociations de l'ALÉNA et avons revendiqué des dispositions pour protéger les droits sociaux et
du travail, des droits humains et culturels et des programmes d'ajustement.
Tout en poursuivant ses représentations à l'échelle provinciale et Fedérale, la TFQ a intensifié
ses interventions à l'échelle transnationale. Nous avons organisé des missions au cours
desquelles nos représentants et représentantes ont tissé des liens de solidarité avec des
syndicalistes et des organisations pospulaires américaines et mexicaines. Dernièrement, la
FTQ conjointement avec le Réseau québécois sur l'intégration continentale (RQIC), a organisé
un colloque international sur l'intégration économique des Amériques. Dans le cadre de cet
événement, la FTQ s'était spécifiquement penchée sur les forces et les faibleses de l'ANACT.
Bref retour sur les positions défendues par la FTQ
Avant d'entrer dans le vif du sujet, permettez-nous de faire un bref retour sur les positions
défendues par la FTQ dans ce dossier. Dès le début des négociations de l'accord de
libre-échange nord-américain (ALÉNA), la FTQ s'était prononcée en faveur d'un élargissement des
échanges entre le Canada, les États-Unis et le Mexique à condition que celui-ci contribue à
établir des rapports économiques plus justes et favorise un développement économique et social
démocratique. Bref, nous croyons que les accords de libre-échange peuvent être un outil
permettant de combattre la pauvreté et l'exclusion sociale. Toutefois, pour atteindre ces
objectifs, la FTQ estimait que les négociations devaient notamment inclure des dispositions
particulières relatives aux droits du travail:
- les droits à la syndicalisation, à la négociation collective et à la grève;
- la fin immédiate du travail des enfants;
- des mesures visant à relever les niveaux des salaires au Mexique pour réduire les
écarts salariaux entre les trois pays;
- l'égalisation des salaires pour un travail à valeur egale sans egard au sexe;
- l'égalité des droits des immigrants;
- des politiques visant à maximiser la création d'emplois.
1
En outre, la Coalition québécoise sur les négociations trilatérales (CQNT) - dont la FTQ était
un membre actif - proposait aussi la mise en place de mécanismes de surveillance et de mise en
application de ces recommandations. Au moment de la publication de l'entente sur le travail en
août 1993, la FTQ n'a pu que constater l'ampleur de l'écart entre les recommandations que nous
avions mises de l'avant et la portée effective très restreinte de l'ANACT. La centrale avait
alors exhorté le gouvernement fédéral de ne pas ratifier l'ALÉNA car les accords parallèles
étaient nettement insuffisants pour compenser les effets négatifs de la mise en oeuvre de
l'entente commerciale nord-américaine.
Suite à la ratification de l'ALÉNA, la FTQ a poursuivi sa réflexion et a proposé, conjointement
avec le Réseau québécois sur l'intégration continentale (RQIC), que toute entente d'intégration
économique devrait comporter les dix point suivants:
- une aide pour les travailleurs oeuvrant dans les secteurs et les régions affectés
négativement par l'intégration économique;
- des provisions pour les droits individuels et collectifs et des mécanismes pour les
mettre en oeuvre;
- une charte sociale pour les droits des travailleurs et les normes du travail basée
sur les conventions de l'Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) et des mécanismes
pour les mettre en oeuvre;
- une charte environmentale;
- une charte assurant l'accès à des services sociaux de base (comme la gratuité de
l'éducation primaire et secondaire, des soins de santé, une assistance sociale pur les
pauvres) et des mesures compensatoires visant à fournir aux pays n'ayant pas des
ressources suffisantes, les fonds nécessaires pour financer ces programmes;
- des provisions permettant la mise en oeuvre de mesures pour protéger les cultures
nationales et les populations plus vulnérables;
- des provisions pour protéger les droits et les conditions de travail des
travailleurs migrants;
- des provisions pour aider le Mexique et les autres pays adhérents à réduire le
fardeau de la dette externe;
- les droits définis ci-desus doivent être « universels », tandis que les normes
minimales du travail doivent tenir compte des spécificités des pays ou régions
respectives;
- enfin, les fonds nécessaires pour rencontrer ces obligations doivent jouir d'un
financement assuré. Par exemple, les gouvernements pourraient instaurer une taxe sur
les transactions financières spéculatives.
De plus, compte tenu du caractère secret des negociations qui ont mené à l'Accord de
libre-échange Canada-États-Unis (ALÉ), la FTQ avait demandé d'être reconnue comme partenaire aux
discussions afin de démocratiser le processus.
C'est donc à l'aune de ces éléments précités que nous évaluerons le foncionnement et
l'application de l'Accord nord-américain de coopération sur le travail (ANACT).
NOS PRINCIPALES CRITIQUES À L'ÉGARD DE L'ANACT
Nous avons regroupé nos principaux commentaires selon quatre grandes catégories:
- Des considérations générales
- Les objectifs visés par l'ANACT
- Les activités de coopération
- Le processus de règlement des différends
En primer lieu, nous exprimerons deux revendications de nature plus générale à l'égard des
accords de libre-échange et des droits du travail.
En deuxième lieu, une attention particulière sera accordée au préambule qui énonce les grands
objectifs visés par l'ANACT. La FTQ considère qu'il est particulièrement important car il sert
d'instrument d'interprétation et de fondement pour lancer des études et des plaintes.
Ensuite, nous commenterons les activités de coopération auxquelles la FTQ a participé.
Ces activités se cristallisent principalement dans la tenue de séminaires et de colloques,
dans l'organisation de stages de formation et la réalisation de projets de recherche sur l'un ou
plusieurs des onze principes2 liés au domaine du travail énoncés dans l'ANACT.
En dernier lieu, nous examinerons le mécanisme de règlement des différends en cas de plainte.
Ce dernier volet constitue en quelque sorte l'aspect « réparation » des effets de l'ALÉNA
lorsque les droits fondamentaux des travailleurs et travailleuses son bafoués.
1. CONSIDÉRATIONS GÉNÉRALES
1.1 Une première entente liant commerce international et travail
La mondialisation est caractérisée notamment par une forte progression des échanges de biens et
services. Cet accroissement exacerbe la concurrence internationale. Au nom de la
compétitivité, les enterprises tentent de réduire leurs coûts de production, incluant les coûts
de la main-d'oeuvre, et développent des organisations du travail qui se rapprochent de
l'esclavage de la fin du siècle dernier. L'intégration économique qui se réalise actuellement
exerce de fortes pressions pour une harmonisation à la baisse des salaires, des conditions de
travail et des programmes sociaux. La situation commande donc un meilleur contrôle du
capitalisme.
Nous concevons, à la FTQ, que les enterprises souhaitent un développement rentable de leurs
activités; c'est leur objectif économique. Mais elles doivent le faire dans le respect des
valeurs sociales et du travail. Afin d'alléger la pression sur le niveau de vie des
travailleurs et travailleuses, il apparaît tout à fait justifié et essentiel d'encadrer les
ententes commerciales par des normes internationales du travail.
Soulignons que la Confédération internationale des syndicats libres (CISL) a d'ailleurs mené
une campagne pour l'inclusion d'une clause sociale dans tous les accords commerciaux. Dans le
cadre de cette campagne, la CISL réitérait son engagement à faire respecter les normes du
travail fondamentales reconnues mondialement.
Toutefois, les principales organisations internationles, telles l'Organisation mondiale du
commerce (OMC) et l'Organisation de coopération et de développment économique (OCDE), se sont
inscrites en faux à l'idée d'introduire une clause sociale dans les accords commerciaux. Ces
organisations proposent plutôt que la prise en compte de cette problématique soit confiée
à l'Organisation internationale du travail. Malheureusement, comme l'OIT ne possède aucun
pouvoir ou mécanisme contraignant lui permettant de forcer le respect des normes minimales par
les pays, cette proposition sème le doute quant à l'efficacité de cette approche.
Ces éléments amènent la FTQ à conclure qu'il faut associer la régulation des normes du travail
avec celles du commerce. Or, nous sommes d'avis que la présence même de deux accords
parallèles (travail et environnement) à l'ALÉNA constitue la reconnaissance du fait que les
accords commerciaux ont véritablement des incidences majeures sur le travail et
l'environnement. L'ÁNACT es la première entente que lie - meme si ce n'est que de façon
indirecte - commerce international et droit du travail. Á ce titre, la FTQ estime qu'elle
constitue en acquis qu'il ne faut pas abroger mais qu'il faut plutôt chercher à améliorer.
Par conséquent, la FTQ considère que tous futurs accords commerciaux doivent comporter des
dispositions touchant les questions du travail et de l'environnement. Cependant, ces
dispositions devraient être intégrées dans le corps même des textes des ententes de
libre-échange de façon à lier directement commerce international et travail.
1.2 Pour un forum syndical officiel
Quel est alors le mécanisme approprié pour éviter le « dumping social » que constitue la
recherche de la compétitivité par le biais de bas salaires, de faibles avantages sociaux, de la
déréglementation ? L'examen de projets d'intégration économique comme l'Union européene (UE) et
le MERCOSUR3 , qui cherchent à harmoniser les normes sociales et du travail tout en étant
respectueux des économies nationales, s'avère particulièrement instructif. Inspiré davantage de
l'expérience européenne, le modèle d'intégration du MERCOSUR a prévu une participation étroite
des grands mouvements sociaux et de la population civile aux négociations. Douze groupes de
travail ont été mis sur pied - dont un sur les législations sociales et du travail - pour
harmoniser les législations et réglementations nationales. Et c'est au sein du Forum
consultatif économique et social que les organisations populaires et syndicales ont véhiculé
leurs principales préoccupations. Par ailleurs, les discussions actuelles pour l'établissement
d'une zone de libre-échange des Amériques (ZLÉA) ont reconnu comme partenaire officiel un Forum
des milieux d'affaires.
À l'example de ce qui se fait au MERCOSUR et dans certaines instances internationales comme la
Commission syndicale consultative (TUAC) de l'OCDE, tous des forum syndicaux reconnus par les
instances politiques, la FTQ propose que soit formé un forum syndical officiel qui fasse partie
prenante des discussions de l'ALÉNA et l'ANACT. Ce forum nous permettrait d'intervenir
activement dans le dossier du libre-échange et du travail à l'échelle continentale.
2. DES OBJECTIFS LOUABLES MAIS...
Il est énoncé, dans le préambule, que l'ANACT vise l'amélioration des conditions de travail et
du niveau de vie des populations des trois pays. Pourtant, le portrait que nous traçons
aujourd'hui de la situation économique ne reflète pas les retombées positives qui devaient
découler de l'entrée en vigueur de l'Accord de libre-échange nord-américain.
Malgré le fait que les exportations sont allées croissantes et que les investissements ont
augmenté, force est de constater que la restructuration économique suscitée par la ratification
de l'Accord de libre-échange nord-américain a eu des indicences plutôt mitigées sur le marché
du travail. Malgré la reprise économique, le marché du travail du Québec est caractérisé par
une stagnation des salaires réels, des coupures dans les avantages sociaux, un taux de chômage
toujours au-delà de 11%, une progression lente de l'emploi, un affaiblissement du filet de
sécurité sociale, etc. De plus, les fusions d'entreprises, les restructurations, les
rationalisations et la sous-traitance qui résultent d'une concurrence plus vive ajoutent à la
précarité du marché du travail. Cette course à la productivité « à moindre coût » fait en sorte
que les droits des travailleurs et des travailleuses, acquis de hautes luttes, sont menacés de
toutes partes.
Bien qu'à moyen et à long terme, l'intégration économique puisse engendrer des bénéfices
intéressants pour l'ensemble d'une société, il demeure que des mécanismes d'ajustement et de
compensation doivent être prévus pour se prémunir des retombées négatives, tant économiques
que sociales, qui ne tardent pas à se manifester à court terme sur les travailleurs et les
travailleuses déplacés et sur les régions affectées par un accroissement des échanges
commerciaux.
2.1 Pour une harmonisation à la hausse des normes du travail
Bien que les gouvernements déclarent faire prévaloir les onze principes relatifs au travail,
dans les faits, ceux-ci ne sont liés que par l'obligation générale, soit « promouvoir
l'observation de sa législation du travail et en assurer l'application efficace »4 . Ainsi,
dans sa forme actuelle, l'ANACT ne permet que de garantir l'application des droits du travail
existants et ne prévient aucunement la décision d'un gouvernement de modifier, même à la baisse,
ses lois et ses réglementations en matière du travail. En ce sens, il n'est pas un outil de
lutte contre le « dumping social ».
Par exemple, aucune disposition de l'ANACT incite le Mexique à hausser ses normes de salaire
minimum de façon à réduire l'écart entre le salaire minimum des deux autres pays. De plus, les
gouvernements sont entrés dans la course à la déréglementation (incluant celle du marché du
travail) de façon à éliminer les irritants qui nuisent au libre fonctionnement des marchés.
À titre d'exemple, soulignons les multiples réformes du programme de l'assurance-emploi dont
l'esprit est désormais plus conforme à celui du programme américain. Pourtant, malgré les
modifications apportées aux lois du travail et autres, les taux de chômage se maintiennent à
des niveau trop élevés, la main-d'oeuvre active diminue, les salaires réels stagnent, les
ménages s'appauvrissent, alors que le travail à temps partiel augmente et le travail autonome
est en croissance vertigineuse. Bref, la libéralisation accrue des échanges exerce une réelle
pression à la baisse sur les salaries, les avantages sociaux et les programmes sociaux.
À la FTQ, nous croyons que l'enjeu au coeur de l'intégration économique réside dans le respect
des droits fondamentaux des travailleurs et travailleuses. À ce titre, nous devons tout mettre
en oeuvre pour assurer ces droits. Pour éviter que la concurrence internationale ne prenne
appui que sur l'exploitation de la main-d'oeuvre, une piste d'action consisterait à ce que les
pays concernés harmonisent à la hausse les normes du travail. Cette harmonisation ferait en
sorte que les relations commerciales reposeraient sur des règles de jeu semblables et
équitables. Il importe aussi de reconnaître les inégalités et les asymétries existantes, et
prévoir l'éstablissement de mécanismes économiques compensatoires pour les pays moins
développés. De plus, pour éviter que le processus d'intégration n'accroisse les inégalités, une
charte des normes et droits du travail nous apparaît incontournable. Cette charte devrait
prévoir des mécanismes de surveillance et porter sur les droits collectifs (droits
d'association, de négociation, de grève) que sur les droits individuels (salaire minimum,
absence de discrimination, etc.).
Il peut être parfois difficile, dans la pratique, de concrétiser ces éléments. Nous pouvons,
à cet égard, nous inspirer du modèle de l'Union européenne. En outre, il nous apparaît
pertinent de souligner que les pays composant le MERCOSUR - où les politiques néolibérales sont
appliqués avec plus de rigueur qu'ici - sont quand même parvenus à une entente de principe
prévoyant qu'ils se dotent de normes communes en matière du travail dans un avenir
rapproché.
Afin de promouvoir un modèle de relations industrielles respectueux de la main-d'oeuvre des
trois pays et s'assurer que le processus d'intégration soit bénéfique à une majorité, la FTQ
estime néssaire l'harmonisation à la hausse des normes du travail et l'adoption d'une charte
de normes minimales de travail qui reposerait sur les normes établies dans les différentes
conventions de l'Organisation internationale du travail (OIT).
3. LE VOLET « COOPÉRATION » : DES AMÉLIORATIONS À APPORTER
Les activités de coopération prévues par l'ANACT visent à favoriser la compréhension par les
parties des législations respectives dans le domaine du travail et, supposément, le renforcement
de l'application des lois et de la réglementation du travail par les gouvernements en place.
3.1 Les conférences, colloques et Semaine nord-américaine de la sécurité et de la santé du
travail
Les conférences auxquelles nous avons participé5, bien que fort intéressantes, possèdent soit un
caractère très général ou, à l'opposé, très technique (avalance de statistiques, opacité des
termes juridiques). Nous constatons qu'en général, il y a peu d'espace pour les discussions et
les débats. Cela dit, nous estimons que les activités entreprises sous le volet « coopération »
de l'ANACT offrent tout de même une variété d'actions et de forums de discussion fort
intéressants et pertinents. Par exemple, la Conférence sur le travail des jeunes nous a permis
de réaliser qu'il n'y avait pas d'encadrement législatif au Québec sur cette problématique.
Donc, l'une des retombées de cette conférence a été justement l'adoption par le Québec du projet
de loi 172 sur le travail de nuit des enfants. Bien que se projet de loi soit incomplet et
commande qu'il soit bonifié, il s'agit d'un pas dans la bonne direction.
Enfin, le Secrétariat à la Commission de coopération sur le travail a aussi initié la tenue de
la première Semaine nord-américaine de la sécurité et de la santé du travail à laquelle la FTQ
a participé. Malheureusement, là encore, on n'a pas tenu compte de la place du mouvement
syndical dans la promotion de ces activités ni du rôle essentiel et incontournable que nous
jouons en matière de formation et d'information dans ce domaine.
La FTQ propose de revoir le mode de fonctionnement des ces activités de façon à assurer un
espace suffisant pour favoriser les échanges et ainsi faire progresser le débat. En outre, afin
de favoriser la participation syndicale à ces événements, nous proposons la mise en place d'une
structure permanente réunissant les partenaires sociaux afin qu'ils puissent partager leurs
compétences et coopèrent activement à l'organisation de ces activités.
3.2 Des études aux timides recommandations
La FTQ constate que la réduction des barrières tarifaires, les nouvelles technologies de
l'information et les nouveaux modes d'organisation du travail, font en sorte qu'il est désormais
beaucoup plus facile aujourd'hui de transférer des activités de production ou de service que
cela ne l'était au cours des précédentes décennies. En effet, les employeurs brandissent de
plus en plus la menace d'une délocalisation totale ou partielle vers le sud pour contrer des
tentatives de syndicalisation.
C'est pour notamment évaluer l'ampleur de ce phénomène que le Secrétariat de la Commission de
coopération dans le domaine du travail a entrepris, en 1995, la réalisation d'une étude
intitulée Fermeture d'usines et droits des travailleurs en matière du travail. Cette étude
composait, en fait, un des éléments du plan d'action établi suit à des consultations
ministérielles tenues à la demande du Mexique relativement à la fermeture soudaine d'une
entreprise de télémarketing située à San Francisco, juste avant un vote de représentation
syndicale.
Vous connaissez bien, san aucun doute, les principales recommandations émises par les auteurs de
cette étude. La FTQ évalue que cette étude est fort pertinente, d'autant plus qu'elle présente
un grand nombre de données intéressantes sur les impacts des menaces de fermetures dans les
campagnes de syndicalisation aux États-Unis, au Canada et au Mexique. Bien que nous appuyions
les principales recommandations énoncées dans ledit rapport, nous déplorons, par ailleurs,
le fait qu'il ne fasse pas état de la nécessité et de l'intérêt pour les gouvernements des trois
pays de se doter de mesures concrètes (législation ou réglementation) sur les fermetures
d'usines et les licenciements collectifs.
De telles mesures permettraient d'éviter que les entreprises multinationales menacent de
déplacer la production vers le sud sous prétexte d'une syndicalisation potentielle ou
effective.
La FTQ souhaite que les gouvernements mettent en oeuvre les principales recommandations
contenues dans le rapport du Secrétariat, notamment celles relatives aux codes de conduite des
entreprises. De plus, la FTQ demande la mise en place d'une législation efficace en matière de
licenciements collectifs et de fermetures d'usines afin d'assurer une protection adéquate aux
travailleurs et aux travailleuses touchés.
4. LE MÉCANISME DE RÈGLEMENT DES DIFFÉRENDS (PLAINTES)
4.1 La portée restreinte du mécanisme
Le large éventail des droits du travail inscrits dans l'ANACT nous appraît comme un élément
positif de l'accord parallèle surtout si l'on considère la définition beaucoup plus étroite des
droits retenus dans les débats entourant la « clause sociale »6 au sein des organisations
internationales telles l'Union eùropéene et l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC).
Comme vous le savez, les plaintes déposées en fonction de l'ANACT peuvent recevoir sept niveaux
de recours allant de la simple consultation entre bureaux administratifs nationaux (BAN) à
l'application de sanctions éconimiques. Or, le fait de catégoriser les onze principes en trois
groups chacun donnant accès à un niveau de « recours » différent, nous apparaît totalement
injustifié et devrait faire l'objet d'une révision importante.
La première catégorie qui regroupe les principes de la liberté d'association et la protection du
droit d'organisation, le droit de négocier collectivement et le droit à la grève, obtient le
premier niveau de recours soit uniquement un processus de consultation « locale » ou de révision
entre BAN. La mise en oeuvre des recommandations contenues dans le rapport du BAN se concrétise
par le biais de consultations ministérielles uniquement. Le deuxième niveau, qui consiste à
procécer à une évaluation (d'abord par un comité d'évaluation d'experts et ensuite par un
Conseil ministériel) à la suite de la révision n'est possible que pour les sujets concernant le
travail forcé, la non-discrimination en matière d'emploi, l'égalité de rémunération entre les
hommes et les femmes. Enfin, seules les infractions aux lois interdisant le travail des enfants
et régissant le salaire minimum et la santé et la sécurité du travail peuvent donner lieu à un
processus complet pouvant mener à des sanctions économiques.
Or, au Mexique, c'est justement le premier groupe de principes qui fait l'objet d'une violation
persistante. De fait, une majorité des plaintes déposées auprès des BAN7 américain et mexicain
concernait la violation de la liberté d'association. Comme la compétitivité du Mexique est
fondée sur l'existence de coûts salariaux très bas et d'une législation sociale peu
contraignante, le gouvernement mexicain n'a pas intérêt à hausser les salaires. Seule une forte
action syndicale permettrait aux travailleuses et aux travailleurs mexicains d'améliorer leurs
conditions de travail et de hausser leurs niveaux de salaires.
La promotion d'une plus grande démocratie au sein du mouvement syndical, ici et dans les autres
pays, sous-tend que l'on respecte le droit d'association. Un mouvement syndical fort est un
gage pour un meilleur partage des gains de productivité.
À la FTQ bien que nous considérons que le respect des lois relatives à la santé et à la sécurité
du travail, au travail des enfants et au salaire minimum soit essentiel, nous estimons que les
droits syndicaux des travailleurs sont fondamentaux.
C'est la raison pour laquelle nous proposons que l'ensemble des onze principes puisse donner
lieu à un processus de révision complet pouvant aller jusqu'à des sanctions économiques.
4.2 Des résultats mitigés
Le bilan que la FTQ tire actuellement des résultats du processus du règlement des différends de
l'ANACT est plutôt sombre. Aujourd'hui, aucune plainte n'a mené à l'imposition de sanction ni
même franchi les frontières des procédures de surveillance. Ce résultat n'est pas étonnant si
l'on considère la lourder des mécanismes qui furent mis en place. Aucune plainte n'a donné lieu
à des répercussions bénéfiques aux travailleurs des entreprises visées. Bref, il est clair que
l'ANACT, dans sa forme actuelle, ne protège pas les droits fondamentaux des travailleurs et des
travailleuses des trois pays.
De plus, nous constatons que les principaux mécanismes d'évaluation prévoient des interventions
continuelles des ministres du travail concernés, ce qui mine sérieusement l'autonomie et la
neutralité du processus de règlement des différends. En outre, une fois le processus enclenché,
il n'y a pas de structures ou de mécanismes en place qui permettent aux groupes sociaux et
syndicaux d'intervenir dans le volet « réparation » de l'ANACT, les parties impliquées ne se
limitant qu'aux gouvernements intéressés.
Par ailleurs, la tenue d'audiences publiques constitue un important forum public de discussions
sue les conditions de travail dans les trois pays. En mettant les violations de droits du
travail à l'ordre du jour, cela suscite une plus grande transparence dans l'administration de
la justice nationale. D'ailleurs, les règles administratives du bureau administratif national
des Ètats-Unis relatives à l'analyse des plaintes prévoient la tenue d'audiences publiques.
Il est clair qu'au Mexique, la pression internationale sera un élément essentiel pour le respect
et l'avancement des droits des travailleurs de ce pays. Ainsi, l'ANACT peut offrir l'espace
politique nécessaire pour mettre sur la place publique leurs revendications et leurs batailles.
Ainsi, les travailleurs et les travailleuses seront en mesure d'exercer plus librement leur
droit d'association.
La FTQ estisme qu'il serait souhaitable que les BAN mexicain et canadien tiennent des audiences
publiques afin de favoriser une plus grande transparence et sensibiliser la population aux
enjeux du travail liés aux accords de libre-échange.
CONCLUSION
Quatre ans plus tard, force est de constater que les principales craintes énoncées par la FTQ à
l'égard de l'ANACT se sont avérées vraies. L'ANACT est une entente « sans dents » qui croule
sous les lourdeurs administratives. Hors du domaine très restreint dans lequel des sanctions
peuvent être prises et pour lequel aucune plainte n'a encore été déposée, l'ANACT a eu à ce jour
peu d'effet. L'expérience actuelle démontre plutôt que l'accord a été complètement inefficace
pour protéger, voire améliorer, la protection des droits fondamentaux des travailleurs et
travailleuses du Québec et d'ailleurs.
Sur une note plus positive, nous constatons que l'ANACT a suscité la création d'alliances
stratégiques entre les syndicats des trois pays. Ces liens privilégiés sont un gage d'évolution
pour le mouvement syndical au Mexique et source d'une démocratie syndicale renouvelée dans ce
pays.
À la FTQ nous croyons que nous devons décourager les stratégies de développement économique ne
s'appuyant que sur les faibles coûts de main-d'oeuvre. Le défi de l'intégration économique sur
le continent nord-américain réside dans une politique de développement socioéconomique qui
nivelle « vers le haut ».
Syncrude Canada
J.E. Carter, President
Syncrude Canada Ltd. supports the objectives set out in Article 1 and Annex 1 of the NAALC and
is satisfied that the Council of the Commission for Labor Cooperation, the Secretariat and the
National Administration Offices have effectively promoted the objectives of the NAALC. I will
explain why, using the framework of the objectives recorded in Article 1.
IMPROVE WORKING CONDITIONS AND LIVING STANDARDS
Our company believes that communities which have not historically participated in complicated
economic enterprises benefit from the employment of their members by enterprises who are willing
to invest the resources needed to give these workers the skills needed in a modern workplace.
Syncrude Canada Ltd. is a leader in working with native communities in northern Alberta and is
prepared to discuss its experience with other businesses.
PROMOTE LABOR PRINCIPLES LISTED IN ANNEX 1
Alberta was the first province to sign the Canadian Intergovernmental Agreement. Syncrude
Canada Ltd. carries on business in Alberta. It is reassuring to note that Alberta's Labor
Relations Code grants workers for whom union representation is an issue the right to participate
in a secret vote on the merits of union representation and establishes mechanisms to facilitate
collective bargaining where workers wish it. Syncrude Canada has never opposed the right of
workers to freely choose union representation.
Alberta legislation, such as the Employment Standards Code and the Human Rights, Citizenship and
Multiculturalism Act, demonstrates the province's commitment to the other values enshrined in
Annex 1.
PROMOTION OF INNOVATION AND RISING LEVELS OF PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY
Syncrude Canada Ltd. recognizes the link between increased workforce productivity and income
level. I am particularly pleased that in 1997 our company produced a record 207,000 barrels a
day of synthetic light crude and current forecasts anticipate a 5.8% increase in output in
1998. Increased productivity, in our experience, has a direct relationship to worker income
level.
Syncrude Canada Ltd. encourages its workforce to be innovative and is committed to reducing
operating costs. This benefits all involved in the enterprise - investors and workers.
I am pleased that the Secretariat has decided to hold annual seminars on North American incomes
and productivity.
INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS GOVERNING LABOR IN MEXICO, UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA AND CANADA
Syncrude Canada Ltd. supports the early initiatives of the three National Administrative Offices
and the Secretariat of the Commission on Labor Cooperations to promote the publication of
comparative studies on the labor laws of Mexico, United States and Canada. Works such as
Comparative Labor Law Report will give readers valuable insights into the labor laws of other
countries.
For the same reason, I think it was advisable to hold the three seminars on union registration
in Mexico City, San Antonio and Monterrey in the last part of 1995 and the first quarter of
1996.
Canadian legislators sometimes support initiatives that are not used elsewhere in North America,
seemingly without regard to the impact these measurers have on the business climate. For
example, the federal government recently introduced proposed amendments to the Canada Labor
Code, one of which was an effective ban on the use of replacement workers. Such a rule has no
attractiveness in North America except in Quebec and British Columbia.
The Commission on Labor Cooperation may wish to encourage universities in each of the three
states to consider forming alliances for the purpose of better disseminating information about
these topics in each state.
COOPERATIVE LABOR RELATED
Syncrude Canada Ltd. is an experienced petroleum producer and is pleased to share its
expertise. The study tour presented by the United States National Administrative in Orlando,
Florida in October 1996 entitled "Preventing Catastrophic Explosions in the Petrochemical
Industry in North America", provided an excellent forum for information exchanges. A Syncrude
representative attended this study tour.
PROMOTION OF EFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT OF STATUTE'S LABOR LAWS
The rule of law is one of the basic constitutional principles in Canada. Canadian institutions
provide the mechanisms necessary for the effective implementation of the rule of law.
Syncrude Canada Ltd. is pleased that Alberta, Manitoba and Quebec have signed the Canadian
Intergovernmental Agreement and that Canada is now in a position to effectively participate in
Part Four and Five proceedings under the NAALC.
FOSTER TRANSPARENCY IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF LABOR LAW
Canadians assume that the administration of labor law is an open and understandable process.
Labor law administrators routinely provide reasons for their decisions and there is a large body
of precedent which those affected by a dispute may resort to. In addition, judicial review is
also available in some situations.
Syncrude Canada Ltd. believes that it is important for the Canadian National Administrative
office and the Secretariat to disseminate information to other states on how labor law in Canada
is administered. This is why we propose that the Secretariat suggest to universities in Mexico,
the United States and Canada that they establish programs which promote the exchange of
information about each state's labor law and how it is administered. These programs may involve
the exchange of scholars.
By way of summary, Syncrude Canada Ltd. supports the work of the Council, the Secretariat and
the National Administrative offices and urges them to continue their educational programs.
United Nurses of Alberta
Heather Smith, President
During the negotiations for both the Free Trade Agreement and the North American Free Trade
Agreement, UNA took an active role in opposing these treaties for reasons outlined in a number
of briefs and letters that we presented to both provincial and federal politicians. Primarily
our opposition was centered on the negative effects these free trade agreements would have on
Canada's health care system and on the rights of Canadian workers. We are now living through
many of the severe and damaging effects that have resulted from an economic model of global
integration.
This four-year review of the NAALC provides Canadians with an opportunity to critique the
specific impact the free trade agreements have had on workers in all three countries as well as
an opportunity to evaluate just how much effective the NAALC has been on ameliorating these
effects.
We have contacted the Canadian Labour Congress and have received their submission to the review
process. We concur with all the issues raised by the CLC and fully endorse their position.
In addition to the CLC's comments, we would like to register our very serious concerns regarding
the disintegration that has occurred in health care since the signing of the FTA and the NAFTA.
Specifically we are concerned about the rapid privatization of health care, particularly in
Alberta and the unraveling of the Canada Health Act. Tremendous pressures are being exerted
upon provincial governments to increase private, for-profit health care services and to reduce
public services covered by provincial health care insurance plans.
The "harmonization" effects of the free trade agreements have been particularly negative on the
quality and quantity of health care services in Alberta. Globalization has brought reduced
services, the deinsuring of services, massive layoffs, wage rollbacks and the development of a
two-tier health care system.
The effect on workers has been dramatic-large numbers of unemployed health care workers;
chronically understaffed facilities; government-imposed wage rollbacks; increased numbers of
stress-related illnesses; increased Workers' Compensation claims and disability claims; mounting
levels of burnout; and the downward substitution of lesser-skilled workers to replace skilled
professionals. These are the types of free trade effects that the NAALC was supposed to address
and forestall. It has not.
As the CLC presentation points out, the effects on workers in Mexico are even more severe.
Rather than learn a lesson from these disastrous effects and curtail the massive economic
globalization re-structuring in Canada, the federal government is now fully embroiled in
negotiations for the Multilateral Agreement on Investment. UNA opposes this initiative in that
it will further harm workers; it will further reduce quality health care services; and it will
reduce both the quality and quantity of our democratic rights.
United Nurses of Alberta fully supports the recommendations of the Canadian Labour Congress and
urges the review process to integrate workers' rights and democratic rights into all further
free trade agreements.
PARTICULARES
Gary Chambers
Alberta, Canada
Without extensive research, perhaps the best way to start explaining myself is through my
personal experiences over the last twelve years.
About half of my time over the past twelve years has been spent in Europe, and the other half in
Canada. I work in the publishing and broadcasting industries, usually in a journalistic or
managerial capacity. This includes service as a director of small publishing companies on both
continents. I think it is significant that in Europe I was seldom unemployed except by choice,
and never relaint upon social safety nets, and I made about four times as much as I can in
Canada. Since returning to Canada I have been out of work more often than I've been employed,
and I have been dependent upon social programs more than once.
There are a number of things to which I can attribute this difference, but the main factor is
the size of my market. In Europe I sold my services and products across the continent, without
hindrance from, or even much involvement with bureaucracy. From a base on the south coast of
England, I was able to conduct business with clients anywhere in Britain, without bothersome
internal trade barriers. In short, my practical experience indicates that the European model
of free trade between nations and internal economic regions, works well for those of us who
labor at various levels within an industry. Since my return to Canada, E.E.C. restrictions on
the movement and sale of individual labour services across Europe have been relaxed even
further. In North America, however, I face a much more restricted and constricted market.
Within Canada, competition in mass media is strictly limited. The broadcasting industry in
particular, is so heavily regulated that Canadians are not even free to subscribe to any
Canadian broadcast service, let alone to foreign signals. A notable example is the situation of
the Canadian cable TV movie channels, First Choice and Superchannel. Canadians in western
Canada can be jailed for receiving First Choie on their TV sets, while eastern residents face
the same threat if they are caught watching Superchannel. This is a very graphic example, but
it is by no means the only indication of over-regulation. Another prime example is the
continuing ban on advertising sales by local cable channels. This ban prevents the blossoming
of an entire sub-branch of the television industry in Canada, which, if allowed to develop,
would be capable of employing many thousands of people.
In both of the above examples, it is clear that the only reason these internal trade
restrictions exist, is to protect the interests of huge corporations with powerful lobbying
machines. These restrictions do nothing to increase overall competition and market size, nor
do they enhance Canadian culture.
At a continental level, the N.A.F.T.A. is ultimately aimed at allowing the free movement of
labour and its products across national boundaries. Ongoing restriction of this movement is
supposed to allow the public and private sectors to adjust to a continental market, before
starting the free movement of workers across borders. While this seems like a logical process,
it can equally be argued that these restrictions, once again, benefit only the largest corporate
interests within all three nations, while dooming smaller companies and individual workers to a
type of regional labour bondage, which in turn legislates an ever deepening pit of poverty for
the vast majority, and a non-competitive profiteering environment for the elite minority. At
times it seems the true objective of the N.A.F.T.A.'s implementation schedule, is to make sure
huge corporations get all the cream out of the free trade environment, before smaller
entrepreneurs can get a look-in.
For my own part, I have attempted to press the limits of the agreement in my own small way.
About a year ago I tried to launch an independent news service, supplying international news
about N.A.F.T.A. to clients in both Canada and the U.S.A. Rather than offering the usual
administrative and corporate trading news, I tried to concentrate on showing the potential
effects of the N.A.F.T.A. on small firms and individual workers. While in part the failure of
this enterprise may have been due to under-funding at my end, there is little doubt in my mind,
that it was also due to the fact that only a small cross-section of people in both countries,
see any relevance in N.A.F.T.A. where their own lives and businesses are concerned. In fact,
many business owners and managers still seem to think that trading across borders for things
that have traditionally been supplied only from domestic sources, poses a threat to national
security or sovereignty. If these perceptions prevail in such culturally expansive markets as
those for mass media products and services, I hate to imagine the kind of parochialism that
must persist in even more protectionist industries, like agriculture and banking.
The European free trade laboratory has proven, that real progress will not begin until there is
agreement on whether our continental trade regulations, will be aimed at ensuring the highest
common benchmarks in such areas as environmental protection, labour standards, public health and
so forth, or the lowest common benchmarks in these areas. This thorny question cannot be
settled without hearing from the public as a whole. It is too often in the interests of the
largest corporate bodies to gravitate to the lowest standards, because that situation usually
results in lower operating overheads. If ordinary North Americans do not soon enter into this
debate, the evolving nature of free continental trade will only reflect the wants and needs of
the largest corporations, which in turn could lead to widespread dissatisfaction, unrest and
perhaps even Ludite style resistance against free trade by individual workers.
Please keep in mind, that when considering the position of the individual worker with respect to
N.A.F.T.A., we go beyond theoretical economic issues of production and commerce, and are at once
forced to also consider more immediate practical questions of individual civil rights. That's
what free trade is at the individual worker's level: a new civil right. For individual workers
each new civil right acquired embodies another set of opportunities to generate new wealth,
while civil rights withheld or denied, slam the doors on these opportunities.
In conclusion then, I appeal to the N.A.A.L.C. to begin taking whatever steps it can to create a
much wider public awareness across North America, not just of the benefits that free trade
offers for large corporate bodies, but also for smaller trading entities and particularly for
individual workers. Only with this kind of knowledge can intelligent debate begin at the
necessary grass roots levels.
Cindy DeSouza
University of Montreal
I am submitting to you a copy of my completed Master's thesis entitled "The Functioning of the
North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation". Appropriately, the timing of my thesis
submission at the Université de Montréal coincides with the four-year review of the NAALC
requested by the Council of Labor Ministers as per Article 10(1) of the Agreement.
Please take note that the copy you are receiving has not been defended in front of the jury at
the university. It has, however, been completely reviewed and finalized by Prof. Gilles
Trudeau, my research director. The defense of the project is planned for late January or early
February of 1998. It is predicted that no major changes to the text itself will be recommended
by the jury. The decision to submit to you an undefended copy of the thesis was based on our
desire to respond to your request for views and opinions of the Agreement's effectiveness by the
December 31st deadline.
Michel Dion
University of Sherbrooke, Quebec
The Context
The "labor Principles" of NAALC follow from human rights standards that have been adopted within
international conventions signed by many international organizations (for instance ILO, OECD).
The parallel development of MERCOSUR and NAFTA could create the possibility of FTAA at the
beginning of 21st century. While NAFTA has a labor agreement (NAALC), MERCOSUR has no such
agreement. The creation of FTAA could happen through the negotiation between two economics
blocks (MERCOSUR for South America and NAFTA for North America). It could also happen that
NAFTA includes other South American Countries, like Argentina and Chile. In both cases, the
question of human rights in the workplace will remain unanswered. Moreover, during such a
complex political process, many ethical dilemmas happen between NAFTA partners and with South
American partners. The "Labor Principles" of NAALC should constitute the first platform for the
discussing ethical issues in an eventual FTAA. However, we should take the opportunity to
improve such principles to widen their scope.
Widening the Scope of Labor Principle
I recommend:
- To replace the title of the "Annex 1" by the following one: "A General Statement
about Ethical Issues Between NAFTA Partners."
- To define some core values that NAFTA are encouraged to pursue in their business
operations and transactions: dignity, openness, honesty, fairness, social justice,
equality and mutual respect. Such values would become the first part of the General
Statement;
- To keep the "Labor Principles" of NAALC within such a General Statement (second
part);
- To include a specific part about the ways Partners would promote and facilitate
international cooperation in fighting corruption in the international business;
- To include an "indirect" monitoring system (for the "General Statement", managed by
the Labor Secretariat.
From Where Should We Begin
The review process of NAALC, as to the "Labor Principles", should give both to an international
seminar (for researchers and business leaders) about ethical issues between NAFTA Partners. It
could give a better idea of the complexity of the ethical dilemmas paced by business
corporations in USA, Canada or Mexico. And such a reflection of the economic realities could
give rise to relevant suggestions. Mostly, it could say, how the scope of the "Labor
Principles", should be widen.
Christine Elwell
Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
Part 1 NAALC Implementation Process
This review of the implementation process is intended to set out a contextual window from which
to view the specific discussion that follows on NAALC procedures and outcomes. Reference is
made to some NAFTA impacts, including the continuing "democratic deficit" in North America as
economic integration proceeds. The most recent negotiations over a Multinational Investment
Agreement seem to add to further public insecurity about global forces beyond its control.
This insecurity about the public interest aspects of these negotiations is further exacerbated
by the concerns raised in the recent Industry Canada study indicating that the vast majority of
foreign investment in Canada is directed at acquisitions and mergers, resulting in job loss, and
not job creation.1 This seeming inability of governments and the institutions they create to
represent the public interest in these economic developments is startling for many people.
Moreover, the relationship, or more properly the lack thereof, between and among the NAALC,
NAFTA and the North American Agreement for Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) institutions is
highlighted so as to suggest that unequal implementation has so far prevented the NAALC from
fulfilling fully, perhaps impossible, public expectations. Hopefully a regional approach to
the better integration of social and economic objectives will be more achievable at the
forthcoming Santiago Summit for a Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA). In any case,
the three NAFTA institutions and how they evolve, remain an important global model of regional
integration and law creation.
1.1 NAFTA Impacts
On the positive side, it is widely believed that the North American Free Trade Agreement
2 and
the sunshine effect of its side agreements on labour and environmental cooperation have
contributed to an unprecedented level of scrutiny of the law and practice of the NAFTA parties.
This has allowed for a process of review and public discussion that contributes, in some
important ways to debates occurring within our respective societies.
Indeed the labour side agreement, the NAALC, was heralded as a new breed of trade agreement that
recognized in the North and in the South that our "mutual prosperity depends upon the promotion
of competition based on innovation and rising levels of productivity"3. Free trade was not at
any cost and so, to this end, the NAALC contained trade and other monetary mechanisms to ensure
a high level of mutually recognized labour principles.
1.2 North American Trade and Investment Flows Matter
Generally speaking, however, the implementation process of the NAALC, in contrast to the
Agreement itself, tends to avoid direct discussions about North American trade and investment
flows and how these economic activities impact on plant location decisions, labour markets and
workers' rights. Recall that the NAFTA parties, in their preambular promise to improve working
conditions and living standards, recognize the need to proceed with free trade only in a manner
that was consistent with the protection of workers' rights and the environment, in order to
achieve sustainable development. Understanding the tensions of balancing market forces with
these protections, the objectives of the NAFTA include a direct reference to the promoting of
"fair competition". An example of balancing market forces is found in Article 104 where certain
international environmental agreements take precedence over the NAFTA to the extent of the
inconsistency. Also, the Investment Chapter provides for consultations to deal with the
recognized inappropriateness of lowering health, safety or environmental measures in order to
attract investment (Article 1114). In addition to these specific matters of trade, workers'
rights, and the environment, as with all international agreements generally, the NAFTA and the
NAALC are to be interpreted and applied in accordance with international law, a constantly
evolving process of norm creation, law and practice. It is by these expectations that NAFTA
impacts and NAALC effectiveness must be evaluated.
In order to make such evaluations, however, objective indicators must be made publicly
available. Despite attempts at empirical research, so far NAALC operations tend to deny or at
least avoid the relevance of data collection strategies regarding trade and investment matters.
In other words, the NAALC institutions should collect and analyze data regarding trade and
investment laws and practice that have a bearing on labour markets and workers' rights. Such
factual information might indicate the existence and extent of trade-related labour impacts,
issues and interests. In light of the examples offered below, this general observation seems to
be true regarding both its work with stakeholders as well as with other NAFTA Institutions.
Perhaps expecting this level of analysis is unrealistic at this point in time but its obvious
absence brings the credibility of the NAALC process and its effectiveness into serious
question. One need only refer to the inability of the current US administration to obtain fast
track authority from the Congress in order to recall that trade liberalization is not successful
without a meaningful social dimension.
1.3 Incorporation of Side Agreements by Reference in NAFTA
One of the repeated suggestions is to incorporate the side agreements by direct reference into
the main trade agreement. Given that the side agreements were negotiated after the NAFTA, a
specific reference to them at the earliest possible renegotiation of the NAFTA, would help
alleviate the concerns that their status is in political jeopardy. As an interim measure, in
addition to the budgetary recommendations at paragraph 1.6, the NAFTA parties could add the side
agreements by way of Article 104 of the NAFTA listing the priority of specific international
environmental agreements over inconsistent NAFTA provisions. Because this list may be added to
without the necessity of an amendment to the NAFTA itself, it would not be necessary to take the
matter directly to the national legislatures. Assuming that the labour side agreement is a type
of international environmental agreement recognized within the meaning of Article 104, an
appropriately drafted executive agreement by the NAFTA parties might accomplish the same end as
a direct amendment to NAFTA.
Recommendation: Given that the side agreements on labour and environmental cooperation were
negotiated after the NAFTA, the specific incorporation by direct reference to them in the main
trade agreement, at the earliest possible renegotiation of the NAFTA, would help to alleviate
the concerns that their status is in political jeopardy. As an interim measure, in addition to
the budgetary recommendations at paragraph 1.6, the NAFTA parties could add the side agreements
by way of an executive agreement to Article 104 of the NAFTA where certain international
environmental agreements are listed as taking precedence over the NAFTA to the extent of the
inconsistency.
In light of this negotiating history and the examples offered below, the general observation
that the NAALC implementation process has avoided direct reference to trade and investment flows
seems to be true regarding both its work with stakeholders as well as with other NAFTA
Institutions.
1.4 Stakeholder Example of Trade Avoidance
None of the otherwise useful cooperative work programs or public submission activities have
dealt directly with trade-related matters. For example, in the Secretariat's Plant Closing
study only made indirect reference to NAFTA impacts; plant closing trends were mentioned in
terms of "the New North American reality". Rather than dealing directly with the issues related
to the migration of industries and services to low wage, non-union or sweetheart deal
jurisdictions, the focus of these early activities and studies tends to be limited to
comparative research on domestic labour laws and enforcement rather than the transnational
effects of varying standards and enforcement, that can result in distortions of competition,
however defined.
Even the Secretariat's study on North American Labour Markets which promised to deal with themes
that transcend national borders, focussed on a profile of individual labour market indicators,
without identifying the overall push and pull effects of these indicators on country specific
and North American labour markets and workers' rights. Perhaps the annual workshop on North
American Labour Markets will reveal additional data. The underlying driving force behind
business synergies and reorganizations in North America, as envisioned in the NAFTA with its
guarantee of market access largely free from tariff, content and other traditional investment
requirements is more or less unaccounted for in NACLC operations. Why is this? Wasn't the NAALC
designed to be a link between economic (environment) and social policy?
It is not as if empirical data is unavailable to reveal what the general North American public
already knows: in the absence of high North American-wide norms, job loss and threats thereof in
high standard jurisdictions to low cost locations tend to place a downward pressure on those
high standards and their enforcement, resulting in a harmonized, but now lower, common dominator
within the free trade area. When this impact is combined with the knowledge, real or perceived,
that the shift has not resulted in improvements for the low-cost jurisdiction, the public
interest concerns about economic integration are reinforced. The so-called social dumping
effect of North American trade has been experienced since 1988 for Canadians when faced with the
first Canada-US Free Trade Agreement with the US and, since 1994 for Americans when faced with
its extension to Mexico in the NAFTA. Even Mexicans will admit of their fears of capital flight
to lower standard jurisdictions South and West. But is the NAALC equipped to identify and
address these inappropriate effects?
The then Canadian Minister of International Trade, Tom Hockins, in a statement announcing the
establishment of the NAFTA and the side agreements promised that: "The side agreements will
provide the positive assurance that the three NAFTA parties will enforce environmental and
labour laws so that no country gains an unfair competitive advantage". Benard Valcourt, the
then Canadian Minister of Labour, proclaimed that: "The (NAALC) agreement provides an open
window on labour market aspects of trade between Canada, the US and Mexico".
Yet ten years later Canadians are still experiencing aspects of social dumping. At the end of
January, 1998 another US based multinational firm, Black & Decker, closed its operations in
Ontario and shifting production to North Carolina and Maryland, the former being a so-called
right to work state, with low standards and a non-union ethos. Custom Trim Ltd. of Waterloo,
Ontario plans to lay off 432 workers in April by shifting production to Mexico. Did the fact
that workers at the Ontario plant earn $12 an hour, while the Mexican plant pays less than a $1
an hour have anything to do with that relocation decision?4 Huge job losses are also
anticipated with the merger of Canadian banks to compete in the new global financial services
markets. If these social impacts are not accounted for within an economic context and addressed
in public forums, then the governments of today must be in denial about the relevance of trade,
even though these effects were recognized as a real possible threat to trade liberalization when
the NAFTA and the NAALC were negotiated.
Because of the political reluctance to deal with this "new North American reality", North
Americans are effectively unable to enjoy the promises of the NAFTA and the NAALC. People are
not able to participate meaningfully in and have their concerns considered by the very
institutions and processes that significantly shape their lives. No North American could
possibly afford in time or money to attend all, or even a sufficient number, of the various
workshops and public forums sponsored by the NAALC institutions, across this vast continent.
The Europeans described this problem as the "Democratic Deficit"; addressed by establishing an
increasingly important European Parliament so that citizens could at least elect representatives
to the various European forums. While this solution does not appear likely in North America, a
more purposeful gathering of trade-related information by the NAALC Secretariat, together with
intervener funding would better inform the public and decision-makers about this major gap in
research and policy direction.
Recommendation: That the NAALC Secretariat should develop a screening mechanism for both its
cooperative activities and dispute settlement procedures to specifically identify and publicly
record any related trade or investment laws and practices, both domestic and relating to the
NAFTA, that would contribute to understanding the economic background to that activity,
comparative study or dispute.
1.5 NAFTA Institutions and Committees Matter
A related problem in the area of NAALC Implementation is that the Secretariat is unable to exert
much influence in the main trade arenas, partly because it lacks the necessary background
information and analysis. The NAALC as an institution, despite its best efforts, has been
unable to give a voice to social policy concerns in NAFTA institutions, including its almost 50
subcommittees, let alone integrate decision making and cooperation with them.
Indeed the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (NAECE) in its recent Review
of NAFTA Institutions promoted the idea of further cooperation between the NACEC and the NAFTA
bodies, including meetings of North American trade and environment ministers. One of the
reasons given against the idea is the fear in the trade community that such contact "would
create pressure for a parallel meeting with labour ministers where a shared agenda and interests
are far less clear" (p24). The implicit message here is that North American labour ministers
and institutions have not articulated a clear trade-related agenda for policy development.
Moreover they risk being further shut out of on-going NAFTA and NACEC processes, despite many
inter-related issues and interests.
One example of possible joint action is the work of the NAFTA Subcommittee on Labelling of
Textile and Apparel Goods (Annex 913.5.a-4). The NAALC is undertaking a study and possible
work progr |